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(The North of England Protecting and Indemnity Association ), generally known as North P&I Club, is a leading marine mutual liability insurer. It provides protecting and indemnity (P&I), freight demurrage and defence (FD&D), war risks and ancillary insurance cover and loss prevention services to around 127 million GT of owned tonnage and 43 million GT of chartered tonnage, with around 5000 ships entered by 330 members worldwide. Through its guaranteed subsidiary (Sunderland Marine ), North is also a leading insurer of fishing vessels, small craft and aquaculture risks. Founded in 1860, North is based in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK with regional offices in Hong Kong, Piraeus, Singapore and Tokyo and Sunderland Marine offices worldwide. It employs over 300 people and has an ‘A' financial strength rating with stable outlook from Standard & Poor's.〔Mulrenan, J (2015) North Of England P&I Club holds on to 'A' stable rating, Tradewinds, 23 January 2015, http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/352869/North-of-England-PI-Club-holds-on-to-%E2%80%98A%E2%80%99-stable-rating〕 North is one of the top three members of the (International Group of P&I Clubs ), with 11.6% of the group’s owned tonnage.〔Mulrenan, J (2015) UK and North tie for second spot on P&I tonnage league, Tradewinds, 27 February 2015, http://www.tradewindsnews.com/weekly/355044/uk-and-north-tie-for-second-spot-in-pandi-tonnage-league〕 The 13 group clubs provide liability cover for approximately 90% of the world’s ocean-going tonnage and, as a member of the group, North protects and promotes the interests of the international shipping industry. North subsidiaries include (Sunderland Marine ) and North Insurance Management Limited. Total premium income at 20 February 2015 was US$471 million, free reserves were US$338 million and total assets were US$1,256 million. == History == The history of North and P&I generally is centred on Newcastle-upon-Tyne in north-east England, a former Roman settlement which emerged as one of the world's major shipping and shipbuilding centres in the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth century, many north-east shipowners came together to form small mutual insurance clubs. They all began their policies on 20 February each year, which is when sailing ships were traditionally taken from their winter lay-ups and made ready for trade with the ice-free ports in the Baltic. All 13 clubs in the (International Group of P&I Clubs ) still collectively renew their member and reinsurance policies on this date. North’s roots go back to the North of England Iron Steam Ship Protecting Association in Newcastle upon Tyne, which emerged from a series of amalgamations in 1860.〔Watson, N (2009) Celebrating 150 years of the North of England Protecting and Indemnity Association, North of England P&I Association, UK, http://www.nepia.com/media/136569/150Book.pdf〕 It was one of the world’s first mutuals providing personal injury and collision liability cover for steamships. In 1885 the club added cargo indemnity cover by merging with the local Steam Ship Owners’ Mutual and, by 1914, had become the leading P&I club in Britain. However, North lost ground after World War II, mirroring the decline of the British merchant navy. A gradual revival began in the 1960s with the appointment of managers Alec Murray and Len Harrison, who made North of a member of the influential London Group of protecting and indemnity (P&I) clubs in 1969, which later became the (International Group ). This paved the way for major international growth from the mid-1980s onwards, leading to North opening branch offices in Hong Kong in 1995, Greece in 2000, Singapore in 2007 and Japan in 2012. The tradition of two managing directors, which first started in 1885, continued with the appointment of the joint management team of Peter Crichton and Rodney Eccleston in 1988 and by their successors Alan Wilson and Paul Jennings in 2009. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「North of England P&I Association」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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